Illicit drug markets differ hinein two key ways: monopolies and duopolies dominate and they suffer from asymmetric information problems, with buyers lacking information about the quality or content of products [41].

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Die Selbstregulation einzelner Händler des weiteren sogar ganzer Verkaufsplattformen lässt sich Deshalb durchaus beobachten – aber sie erstreckt zigeunern bei Weitem nicht auf Aus Kryptomärkte in dem Darknet.

Information about opioids on sale and choice between different options vary considerably between types of drug markets, whether online or among the different Rechnerunabhängig models, but even if users desire fentanyl and can identify it before purchase, for most retail sales they do not have sufficient choice to produce a demand-Leuchtdiode change hinein the opioid supply.

However, access barriers and patterns of fentanyl-related health consequences make cryptomarkets unlikely sources of Endanwender influence on the fentanyl supply. Market condition data indicate heroin supply shocks and shortages prior to the introduction of fentanyl hinein the United States and parts of Europe, but the much lower production cost of fentanyl compared with heroin may Beryllium a more significant factor

et al. High willingness to use rapid fentanyl test strips among young adults who use drugs. Harm Reduc J

In the case of copyright pharmaceuticals, visual detection of fentanyl before use may be difficult. Imitations can be convincing and, even where poorly reproduced, their ingredients are lautlos unknown to most buyers.

Hinein sum, after purchase, a portion of experienced heroin users can probably determine with some accuracy that what they are using is not heroin and that it is an opioid, perhaps fentanyl, but it is less likely that they can determine which fentanyl analogue or other synthetic opioid it actually is.

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In addition to users’ preferences and sellers’ sales methods, researchers have considered heroin market conditions to determine the reasons behind the rapid upswing rein fentanyl supply. Economic theory would predict that the adulteration or replacement of heroin with fentanyl might occur where demand for heroin is outstripping supply, either as a result of reduced heroin supply—a ‘supply shock’—or a rise hinein demand.

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To answer the question of whether demand from users is spurring suppliers to sell fentanyl or users are being supplied with something they would not select, given the choice, requires three further questions. (1) Can users identify fentanyl? To some degree, but not reliably.

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